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A  U.S. Army soldier who lost her ear in a near-fatal car accident now has a new one. She grew it herself, with the help of doctors at William Beaumont Army Medical Center in El Paso, TX. Pvt. Shamika Burrage lost her left ear in an auto accident a couple of years ago. The total ear reconstruction, the first of its kind in the Army, involved harvesting cartilage from the Soldier's ribs to carve a new ear out of the cartilage, which was then placed under the skin of the forearm to allow the ear to grow –  U.S. Army The surgery was over a year in the making for the 21-year-old. Doctors have successfully transplanted the ear from her arm to her head. "I didn't want to do (the reconstruction) but gave it some thought and came to the conclusion that it could be a good thing,” Burrage said. "I was just scared at first but wanted to see what (the doctor) could do." She still has two more surgeries to go, but when she’s done she’ll...

An international team of scientists sequenced a protein crystal located in the midgut of cockroaches in 2016. It's more than four times as nutritious as cow's milk and the researchers think it could be the key to feeding our growing population in future. Although most cockroaches don't actually produce milk,  Diploptera punctate , which is the only known cockroach to give birth to live young, has been shown to pump out a type of 'milk' containing protein crystals to feed its babies. The fact that an insect produces milk is pretty fascinating – but what fascinated researchers is the fact that a single one of these protein crystals contains more than three times the amount of energy found in an  equivalent amount of buffalo milk  (which is also higher in calories than regular cow's milk). Clearly milking a cockroach isn't the most feasible option, so an international team of scientists headed by researchers from the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regener...

check out above video for better learning. 1. Introduction to Enzymes : Thousands of chemical reactions proceed very rapidly at any given instant within all living cells of an organism. Virtually all of these reactions are mediated by remarkable molecular devices called enzymes. That is, the enzymes are central to every biochemical reaction and are called the catalysts of biological systems (biocatalysts). They in organized sequences and catalyse the hundreds of stepwise reactions by which nutrient molecules are degraded, chemical energy is conserved and transformed, and biological macromolecules are made from simple precursors. Through the action of regulatory enzymes, metabolic pathways are highly coordinated to yield a harmonious interplay among the many different activities necessary to sustain life. Enzymes catalyse an enormous diversity of biochemical reactions due to their capacity to specifically bind a very wide range of molecules. By utilizing the full reperto...